һͿɵĵλҪ˼
չȫ
1λλѧڣѧˡ뿨˼˹ΤΪѧˡ
2ɱֹۡۡ
3Ҫ˼룺
Ψʵۺ۵Ŀڸ֮ȷһߣΪ߷ͬΣܲͬʵĹ֧䣬ɲͬѧƷֱ֮о˹ϵϣ϶ķָڸˣˣ෴߲ԵͲҪľ塣
϶ķΪȡѧĵһɴ˳Ϊѧ涨˶ооѧоҲ漰ΣֻǰΪԼо
չϣ
ݣ
1ɱۡ
ԸѧɱĴͳۣʵϵɱۣ˵ĹϵΪ֮ͬϵϰʱᷢɱɱɱɱʧɱɱ 4
϶ķͳƵķرͳƽʽ չ˴ľ ˵ɱܵ塢ȻԱ?״ڽȶͷٳ̶ȵʵӰ Ӷʵϵ
2ֹۡ
ˡŽᡱʶܡܶȡԼֻϡЩһֱΪѧá۵ĸҲͨԡеŽᡱ롰лŽᡱᡱ롰ֻᡱԼѹƲá롰ָƲáԪ֣̽ʷݽĻɡ
֮Ϳɵѧ֮ڱѳֶߣһдĸԴΪᡱ
οԴٶȰٿ-Ŷķ
EmileͿɣ(1858-1917) ѧԺѧĴʼ˺ŴԭʼоӰۼҡڷһ̫˼ͥѭһʵ֤ΰ?ѧߵĽʶ̬·ܽڸߵʦѧУѧʦѧλͲʿѧλڹеȶִ֮?¹һЩѧִһ꣬оۡعΪһѧġѧѧνʦ(1887)1912תѧѧԺڸѧԺνְ ֱ 俪ԵĽѧͳͶֹ(De la Division du travail social, 1983)(The Division of Labor in Society, 1933)ѧۡ(Les Rigles de la methode sociologique, 1938)ɱۡ(Le Suicide, 1897)(Suicide, 1952)Լ塢ͥ֯¹۵ķΧͷչһȺ츳ѧ ǴѧңҲʷѧҡѧҺͷѧ(Ī˹ݲءװڡĶͲ) Щһ?ˡѧ(Annee sociologique)(1898)һԵĿּΧӿֵѧ(ѧ˿ѧѧ;ʷڽʷѧԼϵѧ)ҪΪչ߹ʵۺ۵Ĺߣʵ鼰ڷűѧơ Ϳɵĺڹ۽ѧº͵¿ѧʵ塢ͥѧѧʷͳԼרо⣬Դӡ֮ҪڹڹŴᣬԭʼ̺֯оϡν ͿɵὨڻеŽ֮(ִлŽԣ߽Ͷֹ֮) еIJʿ(1893)һ⣬ȱκҪѧܾԺĶ˵ӢڽѧҡѷBʷ˹֮ԭʼȤǿˡʹо¸עо?1896꿪ʼרŴоڽ̡仯ķϵĺͷϵɣ(1)ڽ̱ΪһָԵĹܣһǿͬ壬ṩ۵Ļʥġ͡ġ˶ſ ķѧ룬Ǿʵϵͳ(2)Ϊƺʵ(羭áɡȵȣķչлij̶ֳȵĹ)йϵϵԭʼڽƺṩij۵ԿסǣͿԼΧijЩ츳ѧߣĪ˹ݲغͺմ˵ŴڽϵǶоר⡣1/4°ṩѧġڷѧʷϣԭʼ״γ˹ѧ һĿ⡣ãҪѧ(ظɭά-ɶ)Ҳⳡۡ ͿɵѧУûнġԭʼᡱַ̽ĸ⣬ԭʼᡱDZΪԭͣDZΪɹ۲?ĿĴڣͬʱߡңԭȻѧϵԹãӦעʷ־֪ʶȻ˹ͼ(۰ʿ)˹(ۿضӡڰ)Լѧߵ˹Ͽ̽յȸΪרҵԡ־Ϳɵ̬ȷ˱仯ڲ䷳УЩµоҲṩ˲ϣʹڵԹڹŴסЩ״¿⣺֯ϵ(Լ߸ָĽ) ɼԴ(La Prohibition de lin ceste et ses origines, 1898) (Incest The Nature and Origin of the Taboo, 1963)һѵʵijһʵڱΪܽƶȡDZ봿ԭ˵ɺԱԴ壬ԱѪͳڽ̻رܣչرͬ帾ŮԽɰйʻĹ涨ȻijЩִϵо(Levi-Strauss, 1949)ͿɵƣͿͼ(1902)Ͱϵ(1905a)УԤʾ˺ܾԺֵĽṹ巽ϵ֮᷶⣬룬Щ߷ԱΪѧ⡱(1905a)ںĪ˹һоԭʼʽо(1903)(Primitive Classification, 1963)һУһʾ롣ƪ½ͱ˵Ŀռǵ ֯ϵ֤˵ǡ֮ԸΪDZΪ塱з(ǿռ䷽λ)ģ;ᣬΪһκﶼһΨһ()¡ķ˵ķࡱԭʼĸ?ʹǵͳһǵ֪ʶǹġȻѧͿɺĪ˹ʾ˵ЩУҳΪѧԴ Ϳһרڽ̱ṦܵľУЩ˼ϵͳˡڽĻʽ(Les Formes elementaires de la vie religieuse, 1912)(TheElementary Forms of Religious Life, 1915)ѧоĶ塣о˰(ij̶ֳҲӡڰ)оĸǷϵһ(ȻǺ)裬ǵƶȿɹ۲쵽ƶȡڽ̾ͼϵڽ̣ڽ˼иҪصѿͿԳǣڽ̾鲻ǴĻ룬һijʵΪڽ̽ʵ᱾ڽ̡һֹϵ˽˶ᡱΪߣʽģԵģֱDzŵġij͵ġȡڽڽйصͼֵٹ̡ڽ̵Ҳṹ磬?ݶӦͼڵۺϺͲͳһڽͨһרоֶΣҲڽͻ?֡ʵΪ˹̶ڲϵΪ˸Ƿ࣬ʹ֮ϵͳѧѧһDZʵףڽ̵Ĺϣܵͣ˵ꡱӰ졣ʽıҪΪʹṵͨΪ鹵ͨҲ˵икϳһֹͬС ͿɵڽѧѾܵʵоߵȻǴ˹ĹŴڽ̵ѧߡڵʱڽ̻빲֮ijͻڽѧһֶԹͼӰĸԭʼڽ̵оʹȡһִѧǶԵڽƶȵʷкѧۣ̻̽ɡһѧ(1905b) ԭʼ־֤Ҳٳ˹۵ԸңͿʽо˵ѧ֮ȶѧ(ʷѧѧ)Ҫö࣬Ϊһѧϵı㣬ƶϴڱԵشо֧(Karady, 1982)Ϳɵѧ۶(ά ɶĪ˹ͺմĵ)һ?δս֮䷨ѧԺʵѧҵĵ˾Եáһķѧң¶÷ޡɺά ˹˹ˣܶͿɵŲۣԼڼھڷѧͿĸףûкѧѹұŶԸ߲εijǿƫ